Command and Control in Multi-Domain Operations: From unity of command to unity of effort

NATO's Cross-Domain Command (CDC) concept argues that, in a world where the Space and Cyber domains transcend traditional boundaries and where military success depends on non-military partners, we must shift our focus toward unity of effort and rethink our understanding of command authority. Traditionally, command sets the intent (the what and why), while control monitors the execution (the how). However, the CDC envisions a future in which command is more fluid and episodic. Commanders must expect to command an adaptive network of actors, many of whom they do not, and indeed cannot, control. Success in this environment lies in aligning potentially diverse interests. Underpinning this shift is a provocative thesis: Command without Control.